Julia brainerd hall biography template google docs

Julia Brainerd Hall

American chemist and painter (–)

Julia Brainerd Hall

Julia Brainerd Hall, , Oberlin College Senior Year Portrait

BornNovember 11,

Jamaica

DiedSeptember 4, (aged 66)

Rochester, New York, US

NationalityAmerican
Alma&#;materOberlin College

Julia Brainerd Hall (November 11, – September 4, )[1] was the sister of American scientist Charles Martin Hall.

She supported him in his discovery of the Hall process for extracting aluminium from its ore.[2] She was also a still-life painter who exhibited at the Edgar Adams Gallery in Cleveland.[3]

Early life and education

Julia was born on November 11, , to Reverend Heman Bassett Hall (–) and his wife Sophronia Brooks Hall (–), missionaries in Jamaica.[3] In , the family returned to the United States.

Julia's younger brother, Charles Martin Hall, was born in in Thompson, Geauga County, Ohio.[4] In , the family moved to Oberlin, Ohio, where Heman Hall and Sophronia Brooks had attended Oberlin College.[5][6]

Julia was one of eight children. With the exception of a brother (Lewis Albert) who died young,[7] all obtained degrees from Oberlin College.[8][9][10] Her eldest brother, George Edward Hall (, Jamaica – , Pasadena, CA) became a minister.[11] Her older sister Ellen Julia Hall-Kinsey (Mrs.

George M. Kinsey, –) studied medicine at the University of Wooster,[12] and in Vienna, Austria.[10] Her sister Emily Brooks Hall and Emily's husband Martin Luther Stimson (–) became missionaries in China.[13]

Julia Brainerd Hall was a student in the Conservatory of Music at Oberlin College from to [14][15] She is listed as a second year student in the "Literary" course at Oberlin as of ,[16] and graduated in the Literary course in [8]:&#;–&#; The "Literary" course had replaced the "Ladies" course as of July 30, ;[17]:&#;48&#; such educational tracking was usual for women attending Oberlin at the time.[18] One of the classes she took was chemistry, which was taught by William Kedzie in – for only one term prior to his unexpected death, rather than the usual two terms.[19]:&#;6&#;

Some time before her invalid mother's death in , Julia took over running the household and raising her two younger sisters, Edith May Hall (later Mrs.

George H. Seymour, –) and Louie Alice Hall (–).[20][8]

Involvement in the Hall process

Julia's brother Charles also attended Oberlin, matriculating in and graduating in [21][22]:&#;&#; Upon entering college, he approached the new professor of chemistry, Frank Fanning Jewett, to purchase some laboratory equipment.[19]:&#;10–11&#; Charles Hall attended Jewett's chemistry course during his junior year, –,[23] and conducted research in Jewett's laboratory.[19]:&#;10–11&#; Long before he graduated, Charles had set up a laboratory in a woodshed attached to the family home at 64 East College Street in Oberlin, Ohio.[19]:&#;10–11&#;

There he researched the production of aluminium by electrolysis, ultimately obtaining a family of patents on April 2, [24] Charles was successful in a breakthrough experiment of dissolving alumina in molten cryolite at &#;°C on February 9, , demonstrating the process for his sisters and his father the next day after Julia returned from a visit to Cleveland.[21][25][24] After further experiments and the addition of aluminium fluoride, Hall was successful in preparing aluminium by electrolysis.

On February 23, , breaking open a clay crucible lined with graphite,[26] he found silvery aluminium pellets inside. Charles Hall took the metal to Frank Jewett for confirmation of the discovery.[25]

Whether Charles Martin Hall or French chemist Paul Héroult should be awarded U.S.

patent rights was the subject of an interference proceeding, decided on October 24, [27][28] While Héroult had filed his U.S. patent application a few months earlier than Hall, the patent examiner concluded that Hall had discovered the process before Héroult applied for the patent in April The witnesses for Hall were Charles Hall, Heman Hall, Frank Jewett, another professor, and Julia.

Julia testified before the patent examiner that her brother had demonstrated the process successfully in front of her. She had also prepared an account of the History of C.M. Hall's aluminium invention[29] "relying on my memory alone",[21] which was not included in the official U S. record of the patent interference proceedings.[28] Two postmarked letters from Charles Hall to his brother George that described the invention in detail were included as important evidence establishing the timing of Hall's discovery.[27]

The extent to which Julia Brainerd Hall was involved day-to-day in her brother's research and the discovery of the Hall process has been disputed.

Her obituary in the Oberlin News, September 30, , stated that "She was a sister of Charles M. Hall and the one who gave him help and encouragement in his work on aluminium."[2] Early accounts by Alcoa company employees, Charles Carr's An American Enterprise () and Junius Edwards' The Immortal Woodshed () portray her as involved in Hall's home laboratory.

However, they have been described as "celebratory" and lacking objectivity,[30] and criticized for lacking footnotes and bibliographic information.[31] Martha Trescott draws on these accounts when she makes a case for Julia's close involvement in Charles' laboratory. She argues that the written account that Julia Hall prepared for the patent examiner, and her annotations of Charles Hall's papers, are evidence of her close involvement in the scientific work.[32][33] Subsequent authors have relied on her accounts.[34]

More recently, Norman Craig has examined the Oberlin archive's papers and draws different conclusions.

He notes that Julia Hall's annotations of the family letters involve replacement of names with initials, and removal of information about the family's financial circumstances, rather than the removal of technical information. Based on the handwriting and references to Charles, he concludes that the annotations were likely made after Charles' death in December They suggest a review of the papers with a view to publication of a biography.

  • Carousel
  • Item 3 of 5
  • Julia Brainerd Hall (1859 - 1925) - Genealogy - Geni.com
  • Julia Brainerd Hall - Wikidata

    • Craig also notes that Charles wrote to various family members about his work, not just Julia, and that he demonstrated his results to his father and younger sisters as well as to Julia. Craig presents the image of a supportive, close-knit, intelligent family, interested in each other's work, rather than a brother-sister research and development team.[21]

    Development of the Hall process and its scaling up for industrial use continued over several years, and eventually the Hall process brought the cost of aluminium down from $ per pound to $ per pound.[35]

    Later life

    In , Charles Hall had a house built for his sisters, Julia, Louie and Edith, at Elm St.

    in Oberlin, known as the "Hall Sisters House".[36] The original family home on East College Street is now "Hall House", property of Oberlin College.[37] Charles died in [4]

    Julia Brainerd Hall moved to Rochester, New York as of [3] She died on Saturday, September 4, , at the home that she shared with her sister, Louie Alice Hall, at Highland Avenue, Rochester, New York.

    She was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in Rochester, New York.[1]

    References

    1. ^ ab"Julia Brainerd Hall". Oberlin Alumni Magazine. 24. December Archived from the original on 3 July Retrieved 28 January
    2. ^ ab"Miss Hall Dies".

      Oberlin News. September 30,

    3. ^ abcHaverstock, Mary Sayre (). Artists in Ohio, –&#;: a biographical dictionary. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 18 April
    4. ^ abBeck, Theodore R.

      "Hall and Héroult and the Discovery of Aluminum Electrolysis"(PDF). ECS Classics. Retrieved 18 April

    5. ^Ohio, Congregational Conference of (). Minutes of the Congregational Conference of Ohio for the year . pp.&#;57– Retrieved 18 April
    6. ^"Sophronia Brooks Hall (–)".

      Smithsonian Archives. Retrieved 26 April

    7. ^"Lewis A. [Albert] Hall". Oberlin Westwood Cemetery Transcription Project. Oberlin Heritage Center.

      Julia brainerd hall biography template She matriculated in and graduated in Julia has been under-acknowledged for her involvement with the Hall Process and the founding of the Pittsburgh Reduction Company later to become Aluminum Company of America. She also had two brothers, Lewis and Charles. As a woman, she was given a diploma rather than a degree. Her brother Charles also attended Oberlin, matriculating in and graduating in

      Retrieved 26 April

    8. ^ abcOberlin College (). Quinquennial catalogue of officers and graduates. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. Retrieved 18 April
    9. ^"RG 30/ – Charles Martin Hall (–)".

      Oberlin College Archives. Archived from the original on 20 April Retrieved 18 April

    10. ^ abGeneral Catalogue of Oberlin College, –. OH: Oberlin College. pp.&#;– Retrieved 18 April
    11. ^Yale University (). Obituary Record of Graduates Deceased During the Year ending July 1, .

      Julia brainerd hall biography template free

      She supported him in his discovery of the Hall process for extracting aluminium from its ore. Julia was one of eight children. With the exception of a brother Lewis Albert who died young, [ 7 ] all obtained degrees from Oberlin College. George M. Kinsey, — studied medicine at the University of Wooster , [ 12 ] and in Vienna, Austria.

      New Haven: Yale University. pp.&#;– Retrieved 18 April

    12. ^University of Wooster Medical Department, Eighteenth Annual Catalogue, –82(PDF). Cleveland, Ohio: University of Wooster. p.&#; Retrieved 3 May
    13. ^Grossi, Ken. "Oberlin in Asia: A digital collection documenting the sharing of the ideals of learning and labor".

      Shansi: Oberlin and Asia. Oberlin College Library. Retrieved 18 April

    14. ^Oberlin College (). Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Oberlin College for the college year –77. Toledo, OH: Blade Printing. p.&#;
    15. ^Oberlin College (). Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Oberlin College for the college year –78.

      Julia brainerd hall biography template download: Julia Brainerd Hall (November 11, – September 4, ) [1] was the sister of American scientist Charles Martin Hall. She supported him in his discovery of the Hall process for extracting aluminium from its ore. [2] She was also a still-life painter who exhibited at the Edgar Adams Gallery in Cleveland. [3].

      Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. p.&#;

    16. ^Oberlin College (). Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Oberlin College for the college year –79. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. p.&#;
    17. ^Oberlin College (). Quinquennial catalogue of officers and graduates.

      Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. p.&#; Retrieved 18 April

    18. ^Fairchild, James H. (). "Joint Education of the Sexes". Oberlin College.
    19. ^ abcdJewett, F. F.; Jewett, Frances Gulick Jewett ().

      "The chemical department of Oberlin College from to ".

      Julia brainerd hall biography template pdf She supported him in his discovery of the Hall process for extracting aluminium from its ore. Julia was one of eight children. With the exception of a brother Lewis Albert who died young, [7] all obtained degrees from Oberlin College. George M. Kinsey, — studied medicine at the University of Wooster , [12] and in Vienna, Austria.

      The Oberlin Alumni Magazine. 18 (10): 1– Retrieved 18 April

    20. ^Smith, George David (). From monopoly to competition&#;: the transformations of Alcoa, –. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 18 April
    21. ^ abcdCraig, Norman C.

      (). "Julia Hall – Coinventor?". Chemical Heritage Magazine. 15 (1): 6–7, 36–

    22. ^Oberlin College (). Quinquennial catalogue of officers and graduates. Oberlin, OH: Oberlin College. Retrieved 18 April
    23. ^Craig, Norman. "A History of Oberlin's Chemistry Facilities". Oberlin Online.

      Oberlin College. Retrieved 18 April

    24. ^ abCraig, Norman C. (). "Charles M. Hall's Persistent quest of patents for refining aluminum metal by electrolysis"(PDF). Bulletin for the History of Chemistry. 38 (1): 13– Retrieved 18 April
    25. ^ ab"Charles Martin Hall Article".

      Oberlin College. Retrieved 18 April

    26. ^"Production of Aluminum: The Hall-Héroult Process". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 26 April
    27. ^ ab"A National Historic Chemical Landmark: Production of aluminum metal by electrochemistry, Oberlin, Ohio, September 17, – September 17, "(PDF).

      Julia brainerd hall biography template excel Customize Biography templates online. Use Edit. Create biographies about characters from a novel quickly and in a structured way. At Edit. They contain predefined sections and fields that you can fill in as easily as in a Word document, including:.

      American Chemical Society. Retrieved 26 April

    28. ^ abCharles M. Hall v. Paul L.[T.] Héroult. Interference. Process for Reducing Aluminum by Electrolysis. U.S. Patent Office, October 24,
    29. ^Tselos, George D.; Wickey, Colleen (). A guide to archives and manuscript collections in the history of chemistry and chemical technology.

      Philadelphia: Center for History of Chemistry. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 26 April

    30. ^Sheller, Mimi (). Aluminum dreams&#;: the making of light modernity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 19 April
    31. ^Giddens, Paul H. (). "Alcoa, An. American Enterprise.

      By Charles C. Carr. (Book review)". Pennsylvania History. 20 (2): –

    32. ^Trescott, Martha Moore, ed. (). Dynamos and virgins revisited&#;: women and technological change in history&#;: an anthology. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.
    33. ^Trescott, Martha M. (January ).

      "Julia B. Hall and aluminum". Journal of Chemical Education. 54 (1): BibcodeJChEdT. doi/edp

    34. ^Kass-Simon, Gabrielle (). Farnes, Patricia; Nash, Deborah (eds.). Women of Science: Righting the Record. Indiana University Press.

    35. Julia brainerd hall biography template download
    36. Julia brainerd hall biography template printable
    37. Julia brainerd hall biography template google docs

      38. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

    38. ^Bowden, Mary Ellen (). Chemical Achievers: The Human Face of the Chemical Sciences. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. pp.&#;35– ISBN&#;. Retrieved 28 January
    39. ^"Westwood"(PDF). Oberlin Historical and Improvement Organization.

    40. ^"Hall House". Historic Preservation in Oberlin. Oberlin College. Retrieved 28 January

    External links